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Green Light Go, Red Light Stop
Classical conditioning shapes many of
society's common, everyday tasks. Whether we know it or not, many actions we do
numerous times a day are a direct result of classical conditioning. To better
understand why we act the way we do in society, classical conditioning must be
defined and described.
Classical conditioning is defined as: a process by
which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response
through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related
response. Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a form of
learning. Pavlov revealed this trait when experimenting with dog's amounts of
saliva in response to meat. He started noticing that after many repetitions, the
dogs were salivating before the meat was even introduced. Pavlov concluded that
some other stimulus that was repetitively associated with the meat was
triggering the salivation. This simple concept describes how many actions are
carried out in society today.
Many times classical conditioning is not
something that is purposefully done, but rather an incidental outcome.
Conditioning may take a variable amount of time to occur. For example, humans
are not born associating red with stop. As we grow, and ride in cars, we begin
to consciously or subconsciously figure out that when a stoplight is red-you
stop. Stop signs are red, stoplights are red, and brake lights are red. All of
these things symbolize stopping. Yes, when you turn sixteen and you get your
license you are told that red means stop, but by this point in your life, this
is common knowledge. So how does associating red with stopping an example of
classical conditioning?
Within classical conditioning there are many
specific components that are needed. First is an unconditioned stimulus, in this
case maybe stopping cars. Next is the unconditioned response. If you see stopped
cars, you will probably stop your car. A conditioned stimulus would come from
noticing that the stopped cars in front of you are sitting in front of a red
light and when that light turns green, they begin to move again. The conditioned
response that results from this would show up when you come up to a stop light
and no other cars are around. If the light is red, you now associate past
experiences with your current situation and stop.
Red lights in and of
themselves do not convey stopping, but when associated with automobiles and
traffic, the conditioned response to red lights is to stop. We don't walk around
at Christmas time stopping every time we see a red light, yet when we see red
lights on the road we always know to stop.
Classical conditioning surrounds
us in many forms. Many common tasks within society stem from Pavlov's
discoveries about conditioning. Classical conditioning plays a large part in
everyday life for all human beings.
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